Chapter 8: Chemical Equilibrium (Physical Chemistry)

8.1: Forward and reverse reactions

1. Chemical reactions and its types
2. Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
3. Reversible Chemical Reactions
4. Irreversible Chemical Reactions
5. Rate of Chemical Change
6. Instantaneous and Average Rate
7. Specific Rate Constant or Velocity Constant

8.2: Le Chatelier's Principle

1. Le-Chatelier's Principle; Effect of Change in Concentration
2. Effect of Change in Pressure or Volume
3. Quantitative Effect of Volume on Equilibrium Position
4. Effect of Change in Temperature
5. Effect of Catalyst on Equilibrium Constant

8.3: Expressions for equilibrium constants

1. Equilibrium Constant Kc and its Units
2. Importance of Kc
3. More on Units of Equilibrium Constant
4. Relationship Between Equilibrium Constants

8.4: Haber process

1. Preparation of Ammonia in Industry
2. More on Haber process
3. Preparation of Sulphur Trioxide

8.5: Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases

1. Bronstead-Lowry Concept of Acids
2. Bronstead-Lowry Concept of Bases

8.6: Strong and weak acids and bases and the pH values

1. Strong Acids
2. Weak Acids
3. Concentration and Strength
4. Dissociation of Acids
5. Dissociation of Bases
6. Identifying Weak or Strong Acids or Bases

8.7: pH; Ka; pKa; Kw

1. Concept of pH Scale
2. Calculating pH
3. Calculating pOH
4. pH, pOH and pKw
5. Ionization Constants of Acids
6. Percentage of Ionization of Acids
7. Ionization Constant of Bases
8. pKa and pKb
9. Relationship between Ka and Kb

8.8: Buffer solutions

1. Buffer Solutions
2. Buffer Action
3. Buffer Capacity

8.9: pH of buffer solutions

1. Calculation of pH of a Buffer
2. More on Calculation of pH of a Buffer

8.10: Solubility product, Ksp

1. Solubility Product
2. Determination of Solubility Product from Solubility
3. Determination of Solubility from Solubility Product

8.11: Common ion effect

1. Common Ion Effect
2. Some Examples of Common Ion Effect