Natural and Whole Number
What is Natural Numbers?
Set of counting numbers is called the Natural Numbers
N = {1,2,3,4,5,...}
What is whole number?
Set of Natural numbers plus Zero is called the Whole Numbers
W= {0,1,2,3,4,5,....}
Note:
So all natural Number are whole number but all whole numbers are not natural numbers
Integers
What are Integers Numbers
Integers is the set of all the whole number plus the negative of Natural Numbers
Z={..,-7,-6,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,..}
Note
1) So integers contains all the whole number plus negative of all the natural numbers
2)the natural numbers without zero are commonly referred to as positive integers
3)The negative of a positive integer is defined as a number that produces 0 when it is added to the corresponding positive integer
4)natural numbers with zero are referred to as non-negative integers
5) The natural numbers form a subset of the integers.
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Rational Number
: A number is called rational if it can be expressed in the form p/q where p and q are integers ( q> 0).Example : 1/2, 4/3 ,5/7 ,1 etc.
Important Points to Note
- every integers, natural and whole number is a rational number as they can be expressed in termsof p/q
- There are infinite rational number between two rational number
- They either have termination decimal expression or repeating non terminating decimal expression.SO if a number whose decimal expansion is terminating or non-terminating recurring then it is rational
- The sum, difference and the product of two rational numbers is always a rational number. The quotient of a division of one rational number by a non-zero rational number is a rational number. Rational numbers satisfy the closure property under addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Watch this tutorial for more explanation about What are rational numbers
Irrational Number
: A number is called rational if it cannot be expressed in the form p/q where p and q are integers ( q> 0).Example : √3,√2,√5,p etc
Important Points to Note
- Pythagoras Theorem: In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Using this theorem we can represent the irrational numbers on the number line.
- They have non terminating and non repeating decimal expression. If a number is non terminating and non repeating decimal expression,then it is irrational number
- The sum, difference, multiplication and division of irrational numbers are not always irrational. Irrational numbers do not satisfy the closure property under addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
Real Numbers:
- All rational and all irrational number makes the collection of real number. It is denoted by the letter R
- We can represent real numbers on the number line. The square root of any positive real number exists and that also can be represented on number line
- The sum or difference of a rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number.
- The product or division of a rational number with an irrational number is an irrational number.
- This process of visualization of representing a decimal expansion on the number line is known as the process of successive magnification
Real numbers satisfy the commutative, associative and distributive laws. These can be stated as :
Commutative Law of Addition:
a+b= b+a
Commutative Law of Multiplication:
a X b=b X a
Associative Law of Addition:
a + (b+c)=(a+b) +c
Associative Law of Multiplication:
a X (b X c)=(a X b) X c
Distributive Law:
a X (b + c)=(a X b) + (a X c)
or
(a + b) X c=(a X c) + (b X c)
Commutative Law of Addition:
a+b= b+a
Commutative Law of Multiplication:
a X b=b X a
Associative Law of Addition:
a + (b+c)=(a+b) +c
Associative Law of Multiplication:
a X (b X c)=(a X b) X c
Distributive Law:
a X (b + c)=(a X b) + (a X c)
or
(a + b) X c=(a X c) + (b X c)
Laws of exponents:
A) a > 0 be a real number . m and n be integers such that m and n have no common factors other than 1, and n > 0. Then
1) ap.aq=a(p+q)
2) ap/aq =a(p-q)
3) (ap)q=apq
4) ap.bp=abp
Important Note on Irrational number expression
For positive real numbers p and q :(i)
(ii)
(iii) (√p + √q)(√p − √q ) =p – q
(iv) (p+ √q)(p − √q ) = p2 − q
(v) (√p + √q)2 = p + 2√pq + q
Note: If r is a rational number and s is an irrational number, then r+s and r-s are irrationals. Further, if r is a non-zero rational, then rs and r/s are irrationals
What is Number Line
A number line is a line which represent all the number. A number line is a picture of a straight line on which every point is assumed to correspond to a real number and every real number to a point
We most shows the integers as specially-marked points evenly spaced on the line. but the line includes all real numbers, continuing forever in each direction, and also numbers not marked that are between the integers. It is often used as an aid in teaching simple addition and subtraction, especially involving negative numbers. The number on the right side are greater than number on the left side
Each of the number explained above can be represented on the Number Line.
1) Natural Number,whole Number and integers can be easily located on the number line as we picture as per them
2) Now Real number can be either decimal expression or number explained in point 1. It is easy to located the latter one. For decimal expression, we need to use the process of successive Magnification
3) Number like (3)1/2 can be represent on number like using pythogorus theorem
What is process of successive Magnification
Suppose we need to locate the decimal 3.36 on the Number line. Now we know for sure the number is between 3 and 4 on the number line. Now lets divide the portion between 3 and 4 into 10 equal part.Then it will represent 3.1,3.2...3.9 . Now we know that 3.36 lies between 3.3 and 3.4.Now lets divide the portion between 3.3 and 3.4 into 10 equal parts. Then these will represent 3.31,3.32,3.33,3.34,3.35,3.36...3.39. So we have located the desired number on the Number line. This process is called the Process of successive Magnification
Watch this Video on How to solve rational Number problem<
Watch this Video on How to solve Simpification problems<
Extra Zing
Special properties around number 0 and 1Addition Property of Zero:Adding zero to a number does not change it. For all real number x+0=x
Multiplication Property of Zero:Multiplying a number by zero always gives zero. For all real number x.0=0.x=0
Powers of Zero:The number zero, raised to any allowable power, equals zero. For n any positive number 0n=0 In particular, zero to the zero power ( 0n) is undefined
Zero as a numerator?: Zero, divided by any nonzero number, is zero. For all real number except 0 0/x=0 0/0 is undefined quantity
Division by zero is not allowed?: Any division problem with zero as the denominator is not defined. For example, 1/0.2/0
Multiplication Property of One:Multiplying a number by one does not change it.For all real number x.1=1.x=x
Powers of One: The number one, raised to any power, equals one.For all real numbers 1n=1 This is true even if the n is fraction negative
Names for the number one:Any nonzero number divided by itself equals one.For all real number except 0 ,x/x=1
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