Chapter 8: Chemical Equilibrium

8.1: Reversible and Irreversible Reactions

1. Introduction to Thermochemistry
2. Static Chemical Equilibrium
3. Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
4. Conditions and Recognition of Chemical Equilibrium
5. Concept of Law of mass action
6. Derivation of Law of Mass Action
7. More on derivation of law of mass action
8. Application of Law of Mass Action
9. Equilibrium Constant Kc and its Units
10. More on Units of Equilibrium Constant
11. Equilibrium Constant Expressions for Esterification
12. Equilibrium Constant Expressions for Dissociation of PCl5
13. Equilibrium Constant Expressions for Decomposition of N2O4
14. Equilibrium Constant Expressions for Synthesis of NH3
15. Relationship Between Equilibrium Constants
16. Applications of Equilibrium Constants; Direction of Reaction
17. Relationship Between Kp and Kx
18. Relationship Between Kp and Kn
19. Relationship Between Kc, Kp, Kx and Kn
20. Extent of Reaction
21. The Effect of Conditions on the Position of Equilibrium
22. Le-Chatelier's Principle; Effect of Change in Concentration
23. Effect of Change in Pressure or Volume
24. Quantitative Effect of Volume on Equilibrium Position
25. Effect of Change in Temperature
26. Effect of Catalyst on Equilibrium Constant
27. Calculating the Equilibrium Constant for Reversible Reaction
28. Calculate the Equilibrium Concentration

8.2: Applications of Chemical Equilibrium in Industry

1. Preparation of Ammonia in Industry
2. More on Haber process
3. Preparation of Sulphur Trioxide

8.3: Ionic Product of Water

1. Dissociation of Water
2. The Ion Product of Water
3. More on Ion Product of Water
4. Concept of pH Scale
5. Measuring of pH by Universal Indicator
6. Measuring of pH by pH Meter
7. Calculating pH

8.4: Ionization Constant of Acids

1. pH, pOH and pKw
2. Ionization Constants of Acids
3. Percentage of Ionization of Acids
4. Ostwald's Dilution Law

8.5: Ionization Constant of Bases

1. Ionization Constant of Bases
2. pKa and pKb

8.6: Lowry Bronsted Acid and Base Concept

1. Bronstead-Lowry Concept of Acids
2. Bronstead-Lowry Concept of Bases
3. Relationship between Ka and Kb
4. Strong Acids
5. Weak Acids
6. Concentration and Strength
7. Indicators
8. More on Indicators
9. Dissociation of Acids
10. Dissociation of Bases
11. Identifying Weak or Strong Acids or Bases
12. Levelling Effect

8.7: Common Ion Effect

1. Common Ion Effect
2. Some Examples of Common Ion Effect

8.8: Buffer Solutions

1. Buffer Solutions
2. Buffer Action
3. Calculation of pH of a Buffer
4. More on Calculation of pH of a Buffer
5. Buffer Capacity

8.9: Solubility Product

1. Solubility Product
2. Determination of Solubility Product from Solubility
3. Determination of Solubility from Solubility Product