Chapter 9: Solutions

9.0: Concept of a Solution

1. Introduction to Solutions

9.1: Concentration Units of Solutions

1. Percentage Mass/Mass
2. Percentage Mass/Volume
3. Percentage Volume/Mass
4. Percentage Volume/Volume
5. Moles and Solution
6. Calculations Related to Concentration of Solutions
7. Finding Concentration of the Solution
8. Molarity and Preparation of Molar Solution
9. Molality
10. Mole Fraction (x)
11. Parts Per Million, Parts Per Billion, Parts Per Trillion
12. Interconversion of Various Concentration Units of Solutions
13. More on Interconversion of Various Concentration Units of Solutions

9.2: Types of Solution

1. Types of Solutions on the Basis of Physical States
2. Solutions of Solids in Liquids
3. Solutions of Completely Miscible and Practically Immiscible Liquids
4. Partially Miscible Liquids
5. Phenol-Water System
6. Types of Solutions on the Basis of Concentration
7. Comparision of Solution, Suspension and Colloid

9.3: Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions

1. Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions
2. Raoult's Law
3. Raoult's Law When Both Components are Volatile
4. More on Raoult's Law When Both Components are Volatile

9.4: Vapour Pressures of Liquid-Liquid Solutions

1. Fractional Distillation of Ideal Mixture of Two Liquids
2. Azeotropic Mixtures
3. More on Azeotropic Mixtures
4. Positive Deviations
5. Negative Deviations
6. Hydrophillic and Hydrophobic Molecules

9.5: Solubility and Solubility Curves

1. The Nature of Solution in Liquid Phase
2. Introduction to Solubility
3. Solubility and Solute-Solvent Interactions
4. Solubility Curves
5. Fractional Crystallization
6. The Effect of Temperature
7. The Effect of Pressure
8. Solubility and Nature of Solute
9. Solubility and Nature of Solvent

9.6: Colligative Properties of Solutions

1. Colligative Properties
2. More on Colligative Properties
3. Lowering of Vapour Pressure
4. Elevation of Boiling Point
5. More on Elevation of Boiling Point
6. Depression of Freezing Point of a Solvent by a Solute
7. Measurement of Freezing Point Depression
8. Applications of Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
9. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

9.7: Energetics of Solution

1. Energetics of Solution
2. Hydration Energy of Ions

9.8: Hydration and Hydrolysis

1. Hydration
2. Hydrolysis
3. More on Hydrolysis
4. Colloids
5. Types of Colloids
6. Properties of Colloids